2. Define the following in terms of brain-"mind" relationships: dualism, monism and materialism.

3. What was George Berkely's (1685-1753) solution to the brain-mind relationship problem?

4. Why is it important that Biopsychologists consider a materialistic perspective on brain-"mind" relationships?

Cortical Anatomy and Localization of Function

1. What percent of the human brain consists of cortex?
2. Approximately how thick is cortex in humans?
3. Why is cortex referred to as "gray matter"?
4. What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?
5. What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?
6. Which brain regions are separated by the following fissures: longitudinal fissure, lateral (Sylvian) fissure, transverse fissure?
7. What are the boundaries for the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes?
8. What are 3 regions of cortex that are located inside the lateral fissure?
9. What is the one region of forebrain, besides cortex, that is present on the surface of the brain?
10. What is localization of function?
11. What is the localization of function debate?
12. What are some examples of localization of function?
13. What contribution did the following individuals make to the localization of brain function debate: Paul Broca, Karl Wernicke,Wilder Penfield?
14. Describe the procedure that Penfield used to "map" out the function of the sensorimotor strip.
15. What are 6 features of Penfield's sensorimotor strip?
16. What is a "homunculus"?
17. Which part of the body is represented by the pre and post central gyrus in the longitudinal fissure?
18. Which region of the body has a more inferior representation on the lateral surface of the sensorimotor cortex: the hand or the face?
19. Why does electrical stimulation of the precentral gyrus in the left hemisphere result in muscle contractions on the right side of the body?
20. Why does electrical stimulation of the precentral gyrus result in muscle contractions, whereas electrical stimulation of the postcentral gyrus result in the perception of a "tingling" sensation in the body?
21. How does the amount of sensorimotor cortex that is directly connected to various parts of the body affect motor and somatosensory function?
22. What is "neural plasticity"?
23. What is some evidence for functional plasticity of primary sensory cortical regions?
24. What are some possible biological mechanisms that underlie functional plasticity of a particular brain region?
25. What sulcus is in the middle of the primary visual cortex?
26. Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
27. Where are the following cortical regions located: superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, pars opercularis, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, insula, transverse temporal gyri of Heschl, planum temporale, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, uncus, superior temporal sulcus, calcarine sulcus, Sylvian fissure, sulcus of Rolando?

1. Differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary cortex in terms of: 1) degree of direct sensory input or motor output, 2) size of neuronal receptive fields, 3) degree of multi-modal sensory input, 4) topographical organization.
2. What is the receptive field for a particular neuron?
3. What is "association" cortex?
4. How many "layers" does neocortex have?
5. What are pyramidal cells, aspiny stellate cells and spiny stellate cells?
6. Distinguish between apical dendrites, basilar dendrites and dendritic spines.
7. What is the functional significance of dendritic spines?
8. What is the primary difference between a projection neuron and an interneuron?
9. Which type of cortical neurons are projection neurons?
10. Which type of cortical neurons are interneurons?
11. In which cortical cell layer(s) are pyramidal cells located?
12. In which cortical cell layer(s) are spiny stellate cells found in especially high concentrations?
13. Do pyramidal cells have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on their target neurons? What neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminals of pyramidal cells?
14. Do spiny stellate cells have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on their target neurons? What neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminals of spiny stellate cells?
15. Do aspiny stellate cells have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on their target neurons? What neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminals of aspiny stellate cells?
16. What is meant by the statement that the cortex is organized into "columns"?
17. What is lateral inhibition, and what neuronal cell type is responsible for this phenomenon?
18. Describe the general cellular features of each of the 6 cortical layers.
19. Which cortical layer(s) receives the majority of input from sensory afferents?
20. What are association afferents and efferents?
21. What are callosal afferents and efferents?
22. Where do pyramidal neurons in cortical cell layers II, III, V and VI project to?
23. What is the difference between the postcentral and precentral gyrus in their relative thickness of cortical layers IV and V? Why?
24. What are Brodmann's areas?

1. Where is Broca's area located?
2. Where is Wernicke's area located?
3. What is the classic description of Broca's aphasia?
4. What is the classic description of Wernicke's aphasia?
5. What is "laterality of function"?
6. True or False. Language function is localized in the left hemisphere in the majority of right handed individuals.
7. True or False. Language function is localized in the right hemisphere in the majority of left handed individuals.
8. What is one method that we can use to determine the language "dominant" hemisphere of a particular person?
9. What is the planum temporale?
10. What is the role of the planum temporale in language processing?
11. What is the role of the angular gyrus in language processing?

1. What "visual stream" projects to the parietal lobe?
2. How does the parietal lobe utilize this visual information (i.e. what aspect of visual information is "provided" to the parietal lobe)?
3. What are 3 general anatomical regions of the parietal lobe and what is the overall functional specialty of each of these 3 areas?
4. What are some general differences in specialization of function between the left and right hemispheres of the parietal association cortex?
5. Describe how the parietal lobe has a role in motor activity.
6. What is agnosia?
7. What are tactile agnosia, asomatognosia, anosognosia, and autotopagnosia?
8. Parietal lobe damage to which hemisphere usually results in finger agnosia?
9. What is contralateral neglect?
10. Which area of the brain (including hemisphere) is probably damaged with contralateral neglect?
11. What is apraxia?
12. What are ideomotor apraxia, ideational apraxia, and constructional apraxia, and which brain region (including hemisphere) would you predict has been damaged for each of these disorders?
13. What are 4 symptoms of Gerstmann's syndrome?
14. Damage to which brain region is likely to lead to Gerstmann's syndrome?
15. What are 3 symptoms of Balint's syndrome?
16. Damage to which brain region is likely to lead to Balint's syndrome?
17. What effect does parietal lobe damage typically have on IQ test performance?

1. What "visual stream" projects to the temporal lobe?
2. How does the temporal lobe utilize this visual information (i.e. what aspect of visual information is "provided" to the temporal lobe)?
3. Describe 5 different anatomical cortical regions within the temporal lobe, and list a general functional correlate for each of these regions.
4. What happened when Wilder Penfield stimulated the ventral-medial surface of temporal lobe association cortex of his patients?
5. What are some examples of laterality of function in the temporal lobe?
6. What is tonal agnosia, and damage to what brain region is likely to result in tonal agnosia?
7. What is visual object agnosia? Where is the likely site of damage?
8. What is visual agnosia for drawing? Where is the likely site of damage?
9. What is prosopagnosia? Where is the likely site of damage?
10. What does the split face exercise tell us about laterality of hemispheric processing of facial recognition?

1. What percent of total cortical surface area in humans consists of frontal lobe association cortex?
2. Around what age in humans does the development of the frontal lobe connections reach completion?
3. Describe in functional terms 6 different cortical regions within the frontal lobe.
4. What is the overall general functional relationship between prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex and motor cortex?
5. What are 6 general symptoms of frontal lobe damage?
6. What is perseveration?
7. What is an example of divergent thinking?
8. What is an example of working memory?
9. What is aprosodia, and damage to what brain region is likely to result in aprosodia?
10. What region of frontal lobe when damaged often leads to inappropriate social behavior?
11. What effect does temporal lobe damage typically have on IQ test performance?

a. "The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat".

b. "The Man Who Fell out of Bed".

c. the individual described in "Eyes Right!".

d. the individual described in "Reminiscence".

e. the individuals described in "The President's Speech".