Effector Hormones:
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Hormone Name |
Source (location of cell which produces the
hormone) |
Chemical Structure |
Target Tissue and Primary Effect |
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Vasopressin (AVP or ADH) |
Magnocellular cells in the supraoptic nucleus (SON)
and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus |
peptide |
Kidney: water resorption. Blood vessels: vasoconstriction |
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Oxytocin (Oxy) |
Magnocellular cells in the supraoptic nucleus (SON)
and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus |
peptide |
Mammary gland: milk ejection. Uterus: contractions during childbirth |
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Growth Hormone (GH) |
somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary |
protein |
Throughout body: supports growth |
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Prolactin (Prl) |
lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary |
protein |
Mammary gland: supports milk production |
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Beta-endorphin |
corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary |
peptide |
Throughout body: endogenous opioid (morphine-like
substance); may regulate pain sensitivity |
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Thyroid Hormones— Tri-iodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4) |
follicular cells of thyroid gland |
tyrosine derivative |
Throughout body: increases oxidation rates in
tissues |
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Insulin |
beta-cells of pancreas |
protein |
Throughout body (except brain): mediates glucose
uptake |
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
duodenum of gut |
peptide |
Gall Bladder: contraction and bile secretion. Brain (?): may be short-term satiety signal |
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Leptin |
adipocytes (fat cells) |
peptide |
Throughout body: may regulate appetite and fat
balance |
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Melatonin |
pineal gland |
serotonin derivative |
Throughout body: regulates seasonal reproductive
behavior and maybe puberty onset |
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Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Noradrenaline
(norepinephrine |
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla |
monoamine |
Liver: glycogen breakdown. Cardiovascular System: increase blood pressure |
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans; corticosterone
in birds, reptiles, rats and mice) |
adrenal cortex |
steroid |
Throughout Body: wide range of effects that help
protect against physical stress |
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Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone in humans) |
adrenal cortex |
steroid |
Kidney: increases sodium retention |
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Estrogens— estradiol (E2),
estriol, estrone |
follicles of ovary |
steroid |
Uterus and other female tissue: development and
growth; secondary sex characteristics |
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Progesterone |
corpora lutea of ovary |
steroid |
Uterus and other female tissue: development;
maintenance of pregnancy |
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Androgens— testosterone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone
(DHT) |
Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules of testes |
steroid |
Male tissue: development and growth; secondary sex
characteristics; spermatogenesis |