The stress response is considered to be "non-specific" because

Exam 3

PSYC4092

Spring 2000

(2 points) List 4 physiological symptoms of stress.

_______(2 points) The stress response is considered to be "non-specific" because

A. the resulting changes in the body are general (such as increased metabolic rate) rather than specific (such as pupillary dilation)

B. a wide range of stressors elicit the same stress response

C. there is more than one physiological stress response system

D. more than one target organ is affected by stress

E. all of the above are true

(2 points) Why may it be advantageous that there is a conscious "distressful" component to the stress response?

(3 points) Fill in the table below:

Response System

Historical Proponent

Function

Effector Hormone(s)

Speed of Onset & Duration of Action

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

"fight or flight"

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

"General adaptation syndrome"

(2 points) List 4 potential pathological consequences of chronic stress.

(9 points) Match the following.

_____long preganglionic neuron axon A. parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

_____long postganglionic neuron axon B. sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

_____short preganglionic neuron axon C. both PSNS and SNS

_____short postganglionic neuron axon D. neither PSNS or SNS

_____preganglionic neuron cell body in thoracic or lumbar spinal cord

_____preganglionic neuron cell body in brain-stem or sacral spinal cord

_____preganglionic neuron cell body near target organ

_____postganglionic neuron cell body near target organ

_____postganglionic neuron cell body in paravertebral ganglia

_____innervates the heart and lungs

_____innervates the adrenal medulla

_____releases acetycholine from preganglionic neuron axon terminals

_____ releases norepinephrine from preganglionic neuron axon terminals

_____ releases acetycholine from postganglionic neuron axon terminals

_____ releases norepinephrine from postganglionic neuron axon terminals

_____has a hormonal component

_____includes the vagus nerve

_____is primarily a sensory system

(2 points) What effect do you predict that chlorasondamine (a nicotinic receptor antagonist) has on autonomic nervous system function?

(2 points) What effect do you predict that isoproterenol (an alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist) has on autonomic nervous system function?

(2 points) Describe how the effects of the SNS on the eye, heart and bronchial muscle may be beneficial during times of emergency.

(2 points) Circle the correct choices. Erection requires activation of the [parasympathetic] [sympathetic] nervous system, whereas, ejaculation requires activation of the [parasympathetic] [sympathetic] nervous system.

(2 points) Why does epinephrine have a different profile of hormonal effects on the body than does norepinephrine? (Be specific)

______(2 points) The study by Cahill et al, 1994, examined the role of beta-adrenergic receptor activation on memory for emotional events. The researchers found that:

A. subjects had better memory for the details of an emotionally arousing story than an emotionally neutral story.

B. subjects had worse memory for the details of an emotionally arousing story than an emotionally neutral story.

C. propranolol (beta receptor antagonist) treatment improved subjects' memory for the emotionally arousing story.

D. propranolol (beta receptor antagonist) treatment impaired subjects' memory for the emotionally neutral story.

(2 points) Circle the correct choices. Basophils are a type of [endocrine cell] [hormone]. An example of a basophil is [gonadotroph] [FSH].

(2 points) Describe the mechanism (be specific) by which chronic stress leads to adrenal hypertrophy.

______(2 points) Which of the following is not a general type of T lymphocyte

A. helper T cells

B. killer T cells

C. memory T cells

D. Mr. T cells

E. none of the above are general types of T lymphocytes

_______(1 point) True or False. Cortisol is a steroid.

(5 points) Draw a diagram of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Include in your diagram:

A. hypothalamus

B. paraventricular nucleus

C. median eminence

D. pituitary stalk

E. anterior pituitary

F. adrenal gland

G. cells that produce corticotropin releasing hormone

H. cells that produce adrenocorticotropin hormone

I. cells that produce cortisol

J. illustrate on your diagram cortisol direct negative feedback

K. illustrate on your diagram cortisol indirect negative feedback

(2 points) Why are glucocorticoids used to treat tissue transplant recipients?

(2 points) Describe the circadian pattern of cortisol secretion in humans.

(2 points) What are cytokines, and what effect do some of them, such as interleukin-1 have on HPA axis activity?

Why may it be beneficial to the organism for interleukin-1 to have this effect on the HPA axis?

(2 points) What are 2 signs of HPA axis dysregulation present in a large number of depressed individuals?

(2 points) What effect does dexamethasone treatment of a non-depressed individual have on cortisol secretion and why?

(2 points) What is the abnormal response to a dexamethasone suppression test that is observed in many depressed individuals?

_________(1 point) True or False. Recent research has proved that HPA axis dysregulation causes depression.

(5 points) For the biological rhythm depicted below give the numerical value for the following parameters:

______What is the period?

______What is the frequency?

______What is the amplitude?

______What is the nadir?

______What is the peak?

(1 point) On the diagram above, draw a biological rhythm that has the same phase, but a different amplitude than the one depicted.

(1 point) On the diagram above, draw a biological rhythm that is out of phase with the one depicted.

(2 points) Give an example of a biological infradian rhythm.

(6 points) You have a pet hamster that is kept in a cage with a running wheel, and in a room in which the lights are set to turn on every day at 8 am and turn off every day at 8pm. You've noted that the hamster begins running for several hours everyday beginning exactly at 8pm. Describe the experimental manipulations that you would perform in order to test the following aspects of this wheel running behavior.

Is there an endogenous biological rhythm that influences wheel running behavior?

Can light:dark cues influence the phase of wheel running behavior?

Can light:dark cues can influence the period of wheel running behavior?

(2 points) What is "entrainment" of a biological rhythm?

_______(2 points) Biological clocks

A. are genetically determined

B. are very sensitive to changes in temperature

C. require behavioral feedback

D. are only found in mammals

E. all of the above are true

(3 points) Describe 3 pieces of evidence indicating that cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus function as a biological clock.

________(1 point) True or False. Serotonin is a precursor for melatonin.

________(1 point) True or False. Melanin is a precursor for melatonin.

(5 points) On the diagram below label the following items:

A. SCN

B. pineal gland

C. eye

D. retinohypothalamic tract

E. postganglionic neuron of sympathetic nervous system

(2 points) What effect do you predict that propranalol (a beta-blocker) has on melatonin secretion?

_______(2 points) High levels of melatonin appear to

A. stimulate wheel running behavior

B. decrease sensitivity of GnRH neurons to gonadal steroid negative feedback

C. inhibit wheel running behavior

D. increase sensitivity of GnRH neurons to gonadal steroid negative feedback

E. reverse the effects of aging

(4 points) If you take a hamster that has been maintained on a long-day photoperiod and then switch it to a short-day photoperiod:

What are some behavioral and physiological changes that you expect would occur over the next 10 weeks?

What are some behavioral and physiological changes that you expect would occur if you left the hamster on a short-day photoperiod schedule for 40 weeks?

(2 points) Describe how you could manipulate melatonin levels in a hamster so that the hamster would display a winter-time pattern of behavior and physiological changes even though the hamster was maintained on a long-day photoperiod.

_______(2 points) Which of the following symptoms of seasonal affective disorder is not typical for depression?

A. the symptoms are only present during the fall and winter

B. hypersomnia

C. increased body weight

D. increased carbohydrate cravings

E. all of the above symptoms are atypical for depression

(2 points) How may the concept of "withdrawal symptoms" pertain to perimenstrual syndrome?

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Extra credit.

(2 points) What effect do you predict that chronic dexamethasone treatment has on adrenal size and thymus size?

(2 points) Describe two features of melatonin that supports the notion that is regulates the onset of puberty.

(1 point) Why may drinking alcohol during a flight from the U.S. to Europe increase the severity of jet lag?